Why the Pressure Immobilisation Technique is Used for Snakebite Treatment
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The Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) is an effective snakebite treatment that slows the spread of venom, buying the victim valuable time to receive help. Bites from venomous snakes can be life-threatening, and knowing the most effective first aid measures to take is crucial to manage these situations.
This article looks at the Pressure Immobilisation Technique and how it works in regard to snakebites. We’ll also look at how to do it yourself, when you shouldn’t use it, and address some of the other misconceptions around snakebite treatment.
What is the Pressure Immobilisation Technique?
The Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) is a first-aid procedure used to manage bites and stings from venomous creatures. It involves applying a firm bandage over the affected area and immobilising the limb to slow the spread of venom through the body, buying crucial time for the victim to receive professional medical treatment
Specifically, PIT works by slowing the spread of venom through the lymphatic system. Unlike blood vessels, which have their own pumping mechanism, the lymphatic system relies on muscle movement. When applied correctly, PIT works by compressing the tissue and limiting muscular activity, effectively trapping the venom near the bite site.
Why Do We Use the Pressure Immobilisation Technique for Snakebites?
The PIT is used for snakebite treatment as it slows the spread of venom through the body. By applying a firm pressure bandage and keeping the affected limb still, the movement of lymphatic fluid, and the venom it carries, is restricted, preventing the venom from reaching other parts of the body and buying the victim to get antivenom treatment at a hospital.
How Does the Pressure Immobilisation Technique Work?
The pressure immobilisation technique slows down venom absorption by restricting lymphatic flow. Most snake venoms are large molecules which travel through the lymphatic system, and constricting these vessels helps slow its absorbtion into the bloodstream.
Immobilising the bitten limb prevents muscle contractions that would otherwise pump the venom through lymphatic vessels. When you move your muscles, it acts like a pump to speed up blood flow. By splinting the limb, you eliminate this “muscle pump” effect.
Finally, by keeping the venom trapped, the pressure can cause it to become inactive or break down. Some venoms are less potent when they’re confined to one area.
What are the risks of not using the Pressure Immobilisation Technique?
Without restricting the lymphatic system, the venom can quickly spread into the bloodstream and cause life-threatening problems. These include paralysis of the respiratory muscles and respiratory failure.
There’s also an increased risk of haemorrhage. Many snake venoms contain toxins that cause uncontrolled bleeding and clotting disorders if they manage to spread, and the internal bleeding which results can be fatal.
Without immobilisation, the venom can quickly reach vital organs. This raises the likelihood of permanent injuries like kidney failure, brain damage, or limb loss.
Finally, without slowing down the venom absorption, the victim may deteriorate faster. This means when they finally receive an antivenom, it can be less effective.
How to Peform the Pressure Immobilisation Technique
Step-by-Step Guide
Keep the person calm and still: Movement can accelerate the spread of venom. Reassure the patient and minimise their movement.
Apply a pressure bandage: Use a crepe bandage or an elasticised roller bandage. Start wrapping the bandage at the fingers or toes, moving up to cover the entire bitten limb.
Ensure firm pressure: The bandage should be tight but not so tight that it cuts off blood flow.
Immobilise the limb completely: Use a splint or other rigid object to keep the limb still and prevent the flow of venom.
Monitor the patient: Watch for signs of breathing difficulties, muscle weakness, or other symptoms of envenomation.
Get to a hospital: Call triple zero (000) for immediate assistance.
What NOT To Do
Do not cut the bite or attempt to suck out poison: Contrary to popular myths, these methods are completely ineffective and may also introduce infection.
Do not wash the bite site: Venom left on the skin can aid in identifying the snake species, and thus the correct antivenom.
Remove the PIT Bandage: If prematurely removed, the venom held back by the PIT can quickly surge through the body. Wait for a medical professional to remove the bandage.
Move the patient: Unnecessary movement can exacerbate the spread of venom.
Why are Tourniquets Not Used for Snakebites?
Tourniquets have long been associated with first aid for various injuries, but their use in snakebite treatment is highly discouraged. This is because tourniquets are used to control bleeding by restricting blood flow, where most snake venoms travel through the lymphatic system instead.
When using a tourniquet, there’s always a risk that their restriction of blood flow will cause tissue damage. That’s why tourniquets are only recommended for extreme circumstances where that risk is outweighed by the need to stop blood flow to an area of the body, such as haemorrhages or amputations.
Using a tourniquet for a snakebite isn’t recommended, as it adds this potential for tissue damage into the equation. When dealing with a potentially venomous snakebite, having another problem on top only exacerbates the situation.
Does the Pressure Immobilisation Technique Work For All Types of Venomous Bites?
Different venoms work in different ways. Some enter the body through the lymphatic system, while others do so through the bloodstream. PIT is only recommended for those which affect the lymphatic system, and so it is not recommended for all types of venomous bites.
The Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation (ANZCOR) recommends that PIT is used for:
- Bites from all Australian venomous snakes, including sea snakes
- Funnel-web spider bites
- Blue-ringed octopus stings
- Cone shell stings
However, it is NOT recommended for:
- Spiders other than funnel-webs
- Jellyfish stings
- Stonefish
- Scorpions
- Non-venomous bites and stings, such as from insects
Learn How to Use the Pressure Immobilisation Technique
PIT can be ineffective if not done absolutely correctly, meaning proper training is essential. Skills Training College offers comprehensive first aid training courses that include instruction on PIT and other critical first aid measures. Our courses are designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to handle snake bites and other emergencies confidently.
Skills Training College’s first aid programs are highly regarded for their thoroughness and practical approach. Participants learn from experienced instructors and gain hands-on practice in applying first aid techniques, ensuring they are well-prepared for real-life situations.
Conclusion
Understanding how to apply PIT can make a significant difference in outcomes for snake bite victims. Nationally accredited training first aid training with Skills Training College can help you ensure you’re prepared to respond effectively to these potentially dangerous situations.
By prioritising first aid training and learning the best practices for managing snake bites, you can save someone’s life. Remember, staying calm, applying PIT correctly, and seeking immediate medical help are key steps in the effective management of venomous snakebites.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do you need formal training to do PIT?
What is the best type of bandage?
There are several different types of bandage, and which is best depends on the situation. Roller bandages are the most common and versatile. Triangular bandages are used as slings for broken limbs. Tube and compression bandages stabilise sprains, and are the best choice for PIT.
What is the most venomous snake in Australia?
Can I buy my own antivenom?
No, you cannot buy your own antivenom in Australia. Antivenom must be administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled medical setting due to the potential for serious allergic reactions and the need for a precise dosage based on the type of snakebite and the patient’s condition.
