Eastern Brown Snake: Australia's Deadly Serpent
The Eastern Brown Snake is the second most venomous land snake globally and responsible for 65% of snakebite deaths in Australia. Found across eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea, it adapts well to human environments.
These snakes can grow over 2 meters long and vary in color from pale to dark brown. Though defensive, their venom can cause muscle weakness and blood clotting issues. They play a crucial role in controlling rodent populations.
Quick medical response and antivenom reduce fatality risks. Education and conservation efforts are key to maintaining ecological balance and reducing snakebite incidents.
Table of Contents
Did you know the Eastern Brown Snake (Pseudonaja Textilis) caused around 65% of snake bite deaths in Australia from 2000 to 2016? This snake is a big reason why Australia is famous for its dangerous reptiles. Yet, deaths are rare thanks to our excellent antivenom program. The Eastern Brown Snake’s venom is very strong. It can cause serious health problems, including muscle weakness and trouble with blood clotting.
This snake often crosses paths with humans by accident or when people try to approach it. Known for its quickness and tendency to defend itself fiercely, the Eastern Brown Snake is a key feature of our wildlife. Learning about this snake can help us understand its importance and how to avoid danger around it.
Key Takeaways
- The Eastern Brown Snake is responsible for most of the snake bite fatalities in Australia.
- It is one of the Top 10 Most Venomous Snakes in Australia
- Its venom is incredibly potent and can cause serious health issues like paralysis and blood clotting impairment.
- Encounters with this snake often result from unintentional interactions, such as stepping on it or attempts to kill it.
- Australia’s national antivenom program has significantly reduced the number of fatalities.
- This reptile is a crucial part of Australia’s wildlife and ecosystem.
The Eastern Brown Snake
The Eastern Brown Snake is a well-known Australian snake. It is famous for its strong venom. It is called Pseudonaja textilis in science but is also known as the common brown snake. This snake can live in many different places. It is the second deadliest land snake in the world, right after the inland taipan.
Origin and Naming
The name Pseudonaja means ‘false cobra.’ It gets this name because it can look like a cobra when it feels threatened. When it lifts its head and neck in an ‘S’ shape, it is acting like a false cobra. The word textilis means ‘woven fabric.’ This refers to the snake’s scale pattern.
Scientific Classification
The Eastern Brown Snake is part of the elapid snake family. This family has snakes with fixed front fangs for biting. It was named by André Marie Constant Duméril, Gabriel Bibron, and Auguste Duméril in 1854.
Identification and Appearance
An Eastern Brown Snake can be pale brown to dark brown, and sometimes almost black or orange. The bottom part of them is usually lighter, with cream, yellow, or orange colours.
Colour Variations
Eastern Brown Snakes have a lot of colour variations. You’ll see them in dark brown, light brown, and pale brown. Their underside is often creamy or yellow with orange spots.
Juvenile Markings
Juvenile brown snakes look quite different from the grown-ups. They have a black head with red or orange stripes near it, and dark bands on their body. These baby snake markers slowly disappear as they grow up.
Since brown snakes have been behind over 60% of snakebite deaths in Australia recently, knowing how to spot these youthful patterns is vital for safety and preserving nature.
Distribution and Habitat
The Eastern Brown Snake is seen in many places across eastern and central Australia. Including from northern Queensland to South Australia. It can also be found in southern and eastern New Guinea. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, it’s not at risk of going extinct.
They like open areas such as woodlands, scrublands, and grassy fields. They have also learned to live close to humans. They often shelter in buildings on farms, especially in the countryside.
Geographical Range
The Eastern Brown Snake lives in large areas throughout eastern Australia. It is also found in southern New Guinea.
Adaptation to Human Habitats
The Eastern Brown Snake is known for living close to humans. They often come into contact with people, mainly in farming and suburban areas. These snakes use buildings for shelter and hunting, which makes them common in both rural and urban places. This ability to adapt helps them survive, even as humans move into their living spaces.
Behaviour and Temperament
The Eastern Brown Snake is often seen as aggressive. But really, it behaves more defensively when scared or trapped. Instead of attacking right away, it might stand tall, flare out its neck, and do fake strikes to scare off threats.
Even with their scary act, Eastern Brown Snakes try to stay away from humans. They only attack accurately when they have no other choice. Their nature is more about defence than being naturally hostile.
Defensive Behaviours
Eastern Brown Snakes can strike quickly and accurately but they choose to do so mainly in defence. If they’re trapped, they show scary poses to keep dangers away. These behaviours are key for surviving in the wild, helping them save energy and avoid fights if they can.
Activity Patterns
Eastern Brown Snakes are active during the day, which helps them hunt and stay warm. In hotter months, they might hide at the hottest time and be more active at night and in the early morning.
During spring, male snakes travel far to find females. This shows their behaviour changes with the seasons, nature, and the environment. When it’s not breeding season, they’re less seen, hiding in winter to keep warm.
Diet and Feeding Habits
The Eastern Brown Snake eats a lot of different small animals. Their hunting skills let them catch and eat their prey very well.
Preferred Prey
Preferred prey includes rats and mice. These choices help the snake stay healthy and also control rodent numbers. This makes them good for natural pest control. They also eat lizards and sometimes frogs.
Hunting Techniques
The Eastern Brown Snake hunts quickly and well. They move fast and can catch rodents easily. They strike fast with their venom to stop their prey.
Venom Composition
The venom of the eastern brown snake is very complex. Its effect on the nerves can paralyse and upset the body’s usual functions.
Neurotoxic Effects
This snake’s venom has many toxins, including a haemotoxin that affects blood clotting. It causes paralysis and can make the heart stop. Most bad snake bites in Australia come from these snakes.
Impact on Human Health
Snake bites can be harmful. About 20% lead to a problem called VICC. Cardiac arrest happens in 5% of cases, which is very dangerous.
First Aid and Antivenom
If bitten, keep the limb still and use a pressure bandage. This slows the venom. Antivenom is key in getting better. Doctors often use a specific antivenom within 12 hours of the bite.
Getting over VICC usually takes 15 hours. Treatments like plasmapheresis help fix the blood clotting issues faster.
|
Parameter |
Statistics |
|
Severe Envenomations by Brown Snakes |
Majority in Australia |
|
Incidence of Cardiac Arrest |
5% |
|
Partial VICC |
20% of cases |
|
Treatment Time |
12-24 hours |
|
Predominant Toxin |
Haemotoxin |
Impact on Agriculture
The Eastern Brown Snake helps farmers by keeping rodent numbers down. They mainly eat pests like rats and mice. They each eat about 100 wild mice a year. This means they get rid of roughly 10,000 mice for every square kilometre.
These snakes are good at controlling rodents. This helps the farms a lot by cutting down on the number of pests. By eating lots of mice, they save farmers up to $2,500 a year. This is because farmers don’t need to use as many chemicals to kill rodents.
Rodent Control
The Eastern Brown Snake is found a lot on farms. It’s great at keeping the number of rodents low. This is really good news for farmers who have trouble with rats and mice. Having these snakes around means farmers don’t have to use chemical poison as much.
Farmer Interactions
Even though they’re helpful, Eastern Brown Snakes can scare farmers. In rural Australia, about 38% of people tried to kill them when they could. Most times, people are bitten by snakes when they try to catch or kill them. So, even though these snakes help by eating pests, there’s still a risk of getting bitten. It’s important to find a way to live safely with them.
Benefit | Impact |
Reduction in Pests (introduced rats and mice) | Up to 10,000 mice removed per square kilometre annually |
Cost Savings | Potentially $2,500 saved annually per farmer |
Farmer Safety Concerns | 38% attempt to kill snakes; high bite incidence during such interactions |
Comparisons with Other Venomous Snakes
In Australia, we have many kinds of snakes. Some are really dangerous because of their strong venom and behaviours. The Eastern Brown Snake is especially important to note.
Tiger Snake
The tiger snake (Notechis Scutatus) is one of Australia’s top venomous snakes. It can reach up to 1.2 metres long. This snake is striped and its venom is very harmful. Being bitten by a tiger snake is deadly if no antivenom is given.
Western Brown Snake
The western brown snake (Pseudonaja nuchalis) is found all over Australia. It is more aggressive and produces a lot of venom compared to other Australian snakes.
Characteristic | Eastern Brown Snake | Tiger Snake | Western Brown Snake |
Scientific Name | Pseudonaja textilis | Notechis scutatus | Pseudonaja nuchalis |
Average Length | 1.5 metres | 1.2 metres | 1.5 metres |
Venom Potency | Second deadliest in the world | Neurotoxic and coagulopathic | Delivers more venom than most other species |
Distribution | Throughout Australia | South and East Australia | Across Australia |
Breeding and Reproduction
Eastern Brown Snakes start breeding in spring. Males fight for females’ attention through ritual combat. Such fights often involve many males, ensuring only the strongest can mate.
These rituals are key to choosing the fittest males for reproduction.
Mating Rituals
Male Eastern Brown Snakes show great determination during mating season. They wrestle to overpower their rivals. This competition is about passing on the best genes.
The males follow females using scents and mate by inserting a hemipene into the female’s cloaca.
Egg Laying and Nesting
In early summer, females lay eggs in places like animal burrows. They lay between 10 and 35 eggs which hatch around 11 weeks later. Choosing hidden spots helps the babies survive.
Females defend their nesting sites fiercely. This protects the eggs from dangers. By early summer, new Eastern Brown Snakes start their lives, continuing the cycle.
Aspect | Details |
Breeding Season | Spring |
Mating Rituals | Ritualistic combat between males, prolonged physical contact |
Egg Laying | Early summer |
Clutch Size | 10-35 eggs |
Nesting Locations | Secure, damp sites like animal burrows |
Juvenile Eastern Brown Snakes
Juvenile eastern brown snakes are unique from adults in looks and activities. They stand out with their vibrant markings and grow quickly.
Growth and Development
Young eastern brown snakes have special colour patterns. These include dark bands and marks on their heads, which fade as they age. These snakes can grow over 2 metres long.
Initial Behaviour
Juvenile eastern brown snakes act much like the adults. They try to avoid fights and can defend themselves when scared.
Unlike adults, young snakes are active at night. This nocturnal habit helps them avoid danger from predators and people. From an early age, they are skilled hunters. They mostly eat lizards but will switch to other prey as they grow older.
Interesting Facts about Eastern Brown Snakes
The Eastern Brown Snake is a key part of Australian wildlife. Despite being feared, these reptiles have many interesting qualities. Their role in the ecosystem is quite noteworthy.
Lifespan
Eastern Brown Snakes have a fascinating lifespan. When kept in captivity, they can live for up to 7 years. It’s thought that in the wild, they might live even longer, maybe more than 10 years.
Interactions with Other Species
The Eastern Brown Snake interacts with other species in unique ways. They can fight off certain poisonous attacks, like those from the Mulga Snake. Their diet is diverse, eating mice, rats, small mammals, birds, eggs, and even other reptiles.
Despite their dangerous venom, they help control pests. This keeps the ecosystem balanced.
Interesting Fact | Details |
Lifespan | Up to 7 years in captivity |
Length | Can grow up to 2 metres |
Weight | Approximately 3 kilograms |
Venom Potency | Second-most venomous terrestrial snake |
Diet | Includes mammals, birds, eggs, and other reptiles |
Interactions with Other Species | Immunity to Mulga Snake toxins, vulnerable to cane toad toxicity |
Annual Fatal Snake Bites in Australia | Responsible for 60% of fatalities |
Common Misconceptions
Many people think Australian snakes, especially the Eastern Brown Snake, are naturally mean. In truth, they only seem aggressive when they’re scared. They don’t go after someone without reason. Their actions to defend themselves might look like they are attacking. Knowing this difference can make us less scared and help us live together better.
Misunderstood Aggressiveness
The belief that the Eastern Brown Snake is super aggressive is not correct. These snakes, and others in Australia, mainly show defensive actions when they feel under threat. Out of Australia’s land snakes, 100 out of 140 are venomous. But, the Eastern Brown Snake will only attack if it really feels it’s in danger.
Snake Identification Errors
It’s easy to make mistakes when trying to figure out what kind of snake you’re seeing. The Eastern Brown Snake has many looks, which adds to the confusion. When folks can’t tell what snake is in front of them, they often expect the worst. It’s key to remember that not all snakes around the world are venomous. In fact, about 20% of the more than 3,800 species are venomous. Learning about how to tell snakes apart can help us understand them better and reduce our fears.
Encounters and Safety Tips
Meeting an Eastern Brown Snake can be scary. However, knowing how they behave helps lessen the danger. They tend to avoid humans unless disturbed. It’s important to know how to steer clear of them and what steps to take if one bites you.
How to Avoid Confrontations
Avoid trying to catch or kill a snake, as most bites happen this way. It’s best to keep a safe distance and not touch them. Be extra careful in places they like, such as suburbs, beaches, and the countryside in South Australia. To keep them out of your house, clean up the yard, trim the grass, and block any entry points.
In Spring and Summer, snakes are more active, especially when mating. The females look for more food for their eggs, and the males roam to find a partner. Knowing this can help you avoid running into the world’s second-most venomous land snake.
What to Do if Bitten
If an Eastern Brown Snake bites you, try to stay calm. The best first aid involves keeping still and applying a bandage with pressure to the bite. This method slows down the venom’s movement. Don’t clean the bite area. The venom left behind can help doctors figure out the snake type and give the right antivenom.
Always seek help right away by calling for emergency services or going to the nearest hospital. Snake bites rarely kill people in Australia, with about two deaths a year. Nevertheless, quick and correct first aid is essential for ensuring your safety and recovery.
Role in the Ecosystem
The Eastern Brown Snake is very important in Australia’s ecosystem because it helps control the number of pests. It eats mice, rats, and other small animals. This not only helps keep the animal population balanced but also helps farmers by getting rid of pests that can ruin crops.
Predator-Prey Relationships
The Eastern Brown Snake is part of a complex predator-prey relationship that helps keep the Australian environment healthy. It mostly hunts during the day, eating small mammals and reptiles. By doing this, it stops these animals from becoming too many, which helps protect plants and keeps the habitat diverse.
Are Eastern Brown Snakes Venomous?
Eastern Brown Snakes are indeed highly venomous. They come second, right after the Inland Taipan, as the most toxic land snake globally. Their toxic venom helps them catch prey and protect themselves. If they bite you, symptoms can show up quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes.
They cause more deaths from snake bites in Australia than any other snakes. Even so, they are important for the environment. They keep rodent numbers in check and are food for birds like the Laughing Kookaburra.
The Eastern Brown Snake is highly venomous, but it generally won’t bother humans if left alone. Most bites happen when people try to bother them. Interestingly, in Australia, horses and bees are responsible for more deaths than snakes. Their venom is vital for getting food and defending themselves.
Snake Species | Venom Potency | Average Length | Role in Ecosystem |
Eastern Brown Snake | Second most toxic | Up to 2m | Rodent Control |
Red Belly Black Snake | Dangerously venomous | 1.3 – 1.5m | Important Food Source for Birds |
Danger To Humans
The Eastern Brown Snake poses a significant danger to humans, but their threat level is often too exaggerated. Despite their potent venom, snake bites in Australia are relatively rare, causing only four to six deaths a year. This snake species, however, leads to more fatalities annually than any other in Australia.
These snakes are often found near where people live, which increases encounters. Their defensive attacks are powerful and dangerous if they feel threatened. It is vital to recognise that with quick medical response and antivenom, deaths from snakebites in Australia are greatly minimised. Still, two to three people die yearly without medical help. This highlights the importance of being educated and aware to reduce risks and protect ourselves.
For comparison:
Snake Species | Key Characteristics | Venom Output | Notable Statistics |
Eastern Brown Snake | Highly Venomous, Found Near Human Settlements | Varies, Typically High | Responsible for Most Deaths from Snake Bites in Australia |
Tiger Snake | Venomous, Found in Populated Areas | 10-40 mg/Bite | Second-Highest for Bites in Australia |
Inland Taipan | Extremely Potent Venom | Enough to Kill Adult Human in 45 Minutes | Rarely Encountered in Human-Populated Areas |
Coastal Taipan | Third Most Toxic Land Snake | Highly Potent, Once Fatal Without Antivenom | Fatality Rate Significantly Reduced with Modern Antivenom |
Mulga Snake | Massive Venom Output | 150mg/Bite | Typically Found in Northern and Central Australia |
Lowlands Copperhead | Prefers Cooler Climates | Moderate Venom Output | Active in Cold Weather |
Small-Eyed Snake | Contains Myotoxin in Venom | Damages Muscle Tissue for Days | Found Mainly in Eastern Australia |
It’s crucial to stay calm and avoid confronting snakes to protect yourself. Promptly call for help and apply first aid while waiting for medical assistance. This can greatly increase survival chances and reduce fatal snakebite cases.
First Aid for an Eastern Brown Snake Bite
If you get bitten by an eastern brown snake, quick and correct first aid is vital for survival. In Australia, snakes bite about 3000 people each year, with many being brown snake bites. Knowing what to do is key. Begin by calling for help by dialling 000 immediately.
Staying calm and keeping the bitten person motionless helps slow down the venom. Putting on a pressure immobilisation bandage correctly is crucial. Wrap it tightly from the bite site, moving outwards.
Don’t wash the bite area, try to suck out the venom, or catch the snake. These actions could make things worse. Instead, focus on keeping the patient still. Ensure they remain calm until the arrival of medical staff.
Hospitals treat venomous snake bites, including those from eastern brown snakes, with antivenom. Venomous bites cause about 2 deaths annually in Australia, showing the serious risk and need for fast action.
Watching for changes in the bitten person’s condition is important, like if they have trouble breathing. Also, remember to note when the bite happened and when the bandage was put on. Following these instructions significantly lowers the risk from an eastern brown snake bite. It also ensures you provide the best support until medical professionals take over.
Recommended Actions | Description |
Call for Emergency Help | Dial triple zero (000) for immediate assistance. |
Remain Calm | Keep the patient still to delay the spread of venom. |
Apply Pressure Immobilisation Bandage | Wrap snugly around the bite area and beyond. |
Avoid Certain Actions | Do not wash, suck venom, discard clothing, or catch the snake. |
Monitor and Record | Keep track of the victim’s condition, noting the time of the bite and bandage application. |
Conclusion
The Eastern Brown Snake is key to Australia’s diverse and thrilling wildlife. Known as the world’s second most venomous land snake, it needs careful handling. Despite its scary reputation, this snake helps a lot by keeping rodent numbers down. This is good for farming and cities.
To avoid problems with this snake, knowing where it lives and how it behaves is vital. It mainly lives in eastern and central Australia. By learning more about it, we can value its role in nature. And we can keep ourselves safe from harm.
It’s crucial we keep studying and saving the Eastern Brown Snake. Protecting where it lives and understanding its ways helps preserve nature’s balance. The Eastern Brown Snake shows how everything in nature is connected. Let’s make sure it stays part of our world for the kids of tomorrow.
Frequently Asked Questions
Where can Eastern Brown Snakes be found?
Eastern Brown Snakes live in eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea. They’re found in woodlands, scrublands, and grasslands.
What do Eastern Brown Snakes look like?
They can be from pale to dark brown. Some look nearly black or orange. Below, they are usually cream, yellow, or orange with blotches. When young, they have black heads and bands, fading as they grow.
How should you respond if bitten by an Eastern Brown Snake?
Put on a pressure bandage and keep still. Ensure the person bitten remains calm. Get medical help fast. Don’t wash the bite area so the venom can be identified for treatment.
What does the diet of an Eastern Brown Snake consist of?
They eat small mammals like rodents, and sometimes other reptiles. Their powerful venom quickly stops their prey.
How long can Eastern Brown Snakes live?
In captivity, they can live up to 7 years. In the wild, they might live even longer, depending on their surroundings.
What are the first aid measures for an Eastern Brown Snake bite?
Call emergency help right away. Apply a pressure bandage, reduce movement, and keep the bitten person calm. Don’t wash the bite area to save the venom for analysis.